Citing the work that supports your research is both an ethical issue and a legal issue.
The ethics of citing is based on the scholarly tradition of giving credit for information and ideas that are not one's own. Science has a long tradition of acknowledging priority through citations. You have the ethical responsibility to cite all works that were used to support your research, to give credit to the earlier work and to provide a clear path for those who follow in your footsteps.
See page 198-202 of the manual for more information.
Resource | Reference | |
Journal article with DOI | Format |
Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication Year). Article title. Journal Title, volume number(issue number), page number. doi |
Example |
Cadigan, R. O., Stevenson, D. G., Caudry, D. J., & Grabowski, D. C. (2015). Private investment purchase and nursing home financial health. Health Services Research, 50(1), 180-196. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12212 |
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Journal article without DOI |
Format |
Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication Year). Article title. Journal Title, volume number(issue number), page number. Retrieved from URL |
Example |
Purnell, M., Walsh, S., & Milone, M. (2004). Oncology nursing education: Teaching strategies that work. Nursing Education Perspectives, 25(6), 304-308. Retrieved from http://www.nlnjournal.org/ |
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Journal article with more than seven authors |
Format |
List the first six authors' names, add an ellipsis, then list the last author's name. (Publication Year). Article title. Journal Title, volume number(issue number), page number. doi |
Example |
McDonald, A., Frazer, K., Duignan, C., Healy, M., Irving, A., Marteinsson, P., . . . McNicholas, E. (2015). Validating the ‘Intervention Wheel’ in the context of Irish public health nursing. British Journal of Community Nursing, 20(3), 140-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2015.20.3.140 |
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Advanced Online Publication |
Format |
Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication Year). Article title. Journal Title. Omit missing information and add Advance Online Publication before the DOI or URL. |
Example |
Hall, E., Lee, S. Y., Clark, P. C., & Perilla, J. (2014). Social ecology of adherence to hypertension treatment in Latino migrant and seasonal farmworkers. Journal of Transcultural Nursing. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1043659614524788 |
Resource | Reference | |
A print book with one author |
Format |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication Year). Title of book: Use capital letter for the first word for subtitle. Location: Publisher. |
Example |
Johnson, P. (2003). Art: A new history. New York, NY: HarperCollins. |
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A print book with more than one author |
Format |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., & Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication Year). Title of book: Use capital letter for the first word for subtitle. Location: Publisher. |
Example |
Kamruzzaman, J., Begg, R., & Sarker, R. A. (2006). Artificial neural networks in finance and manufacturing. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Pub. |
|
Electronic Book | Format |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication Year). Title of book. Retrieved from URL |
Example |
Lenarz, T., & Wriggers, P. (2014). Biomedical Technology. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com |
|
Volume book | Format |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication Year). Title of book (Volume Number). Location: Publisher. |
Example |
De Certeau, M., Giard, L., Mayol, P., & Tomasik, T. J. (1998). The practice of everyday life: Living and cooking (Vol. 2). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. |
|
Book chapter from an edited book | Format |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication Year). Title of chapter. In Author's First Initial. Middle initial. Last Name (Eds.), Title of book (page number/s). Location: Publisher. |
Example |
Elkana, Y. (1975). The problem of knowledge. In Weiss, P. A. (Eds.), Knowledge in search of understanding: The Frensham papers (pp.91-104). NY: Futura Publishing Company, Inc.. |
|
Dictionary entry or encyclopedia article | Format |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication Year). Title of entry. In Editor First Initial. Second Initial. Last Name (Ed.), Title of reference work (Vol. #, pp. #).Location: Publisher. |
Example |
Musket. (2003). In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 8, pp. 449). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.. |
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Entire edited book | Format |
Editor's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial (Ed.). (Publication Year). Title of book.Location: Publication. |
Example |
Oates, J. C. (Ed.). (1992). The Oxford book of American short stories. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. |
|
Translated book | Format |
Author Last Name, First Initial. (Publication Year). Title of the book. (First Initial, Last name of the translator, Trans.). Location: Publisher. (Provide original work published year if it is available in the parentheses) |
Example |
Zarraluki, P. (2014). The history of silence. (N. Caistor & L.García, Trans.). Madrid, Spain: Hispabooks. |
General Format |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication Year). Title of book: Use capital letter for the first word for subtitle. Location: Publisher. |
Resource | Reference | |
Webpage*
|
Format |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., & Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication Year, Month and Day). Title of document. Retrieved from URL |
Example |
Monteverde, M. (2011, October). Budgeting and money management. Retrieved from http://rosenpub.net/articles/budgeting.html |
|
Blog | Format |
Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Publication Year, Month and Day). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL |
Example |
Aguilar, E. (2015, May 17). Inside the mind of this coach: What was I thinking?! [Blog Post]. Retrieved from http://blogs.edweek.org/teachers/coaching_teachers/2015/05/inside_the_mind_of_this_coach_.htm |
MORE ON AUTHOR: The author may be an institutional author; this is very common for webpages. In the case of an institutional author, cite the full institutional name in the author name place (examples below).
EXAMPLES:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Adolescent health.Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/adolescenthealth/index.htm
World Health Organization. (2015). Physical activity. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs385/en/